在城乡一体化的过程中，以平均受教育水平测量的城乡人口教育差距，并没有出现库兹涅茨倒U型发展，乡村、县镇与城市之间的差距都在不断扩大。对近20年间差距演变的过程进行分析表明，乡村和县镇人口平均受教育水平的增长速度始终低于城市，尤其是县镇区域几乎没有增长。通过对主要影响因素及作用机制的理论分析和实证检验，研究发现，经济发展水平的提高并没有促使已经存在的差距自然消弥，城乡两个被分割的群体通过显性渠道与隐性渠道不断地文化教育再生产是差距存在和扩大的社会基础；高中阶段教育投入的增加更多是促进了城镇人口受教育水平的提高，初中阶段教育投入城乡差距的扩大直接导致人口受教育程度差距的扩大，而小学阶段教育投入城乡差距没有显示出统计上显著的影响；非户籍人口流动造成城乡人口结构的异质化，并进而扩大城乡常住人口受教育程度的差距；户籍人口迁入对城市和县镇人口受教育程度都有提升作用，迁出在抵消迁入的提升作用后，仍然导致城市与县镇之间教育差距的扩大。

The integration of rural and urban in infrastructural facilities and some public services has obtained remarkable achievement, but in area of education, the gap between rural, town and urban educational attainment did not appear a trend like Kuznets curve with general development of education. Analyzing historically, the growth rate of educational attainment in town and rural is lower than in urban. By theoretical analysis and empirical test to key factors and mechanism which would affect educational attainment, the study found that the social foundation for producing and broadening gap is cultural reproduction through dominant and recessive channels in urban and rural respectively; increased investment in high school promote the educational attainment in urban mostly, differences on education finance between urban and rural junior school result in broaden educational attainment gap directly, meanwhile the effects in primary school is not significant statistically; migration of nonnative residents cause the heterostructure of population in urban and rural and then lead to broadening of gap; immigration of registered residents promote educational attainment in urban as well as in town, and emigration lead to broaden urbantown gap even after offsetting the effect of immigration.

教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“卓越农业人才在农业现代化进程中的需求预测和教育培养：对长三角地区的研究”（15YJC880023）；南京农业大学中央高校基本科研业务费人文社会科学研究基金项目“江苏省新型城镇化进程对乡村人力资本的需求与培育研究”（SK2015006）。